"Choosing wisely" -- a reconsideration of risk and benefit in clinical decision making

First-ever Dartmouth Atlas report on pediatric health care finds wide variation in hospital and outpatient care for children across Northern New England.  Press release, Lebanon, N.H. December 11, 2013. 

Whether children are receiving recommended care or are subjected to potentially unneeded treatments varies widely depending on where they live, according to the Dartmouth Atlas Project’s first report on health care provided to children and infants, which examines care in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.

The new report shows that children in Dover, N.H., had almost twice as many emergency room visits as those living in Burlington, Vt., and children in Lebanon, N.H., were more than twice as likely to have their tonsils removed as children in Bangor, Maine. The study also finds that children in Lewiston, Maine, and Manchester, N.H., are 50 percent more likely to receive head CT scans, exposing them to radiation, than children in the areas served by the region’s three major children’s hospitals: Portland, Maine; Lebanon, N.H.; and Burlington, Vt. 

Since the original reports by Wennberg and Fischer more than a decade ago, overuse of diagnostic modalities and treatments has been documented for almost every patient population and clinical condition.   "But wait," you say.  "This press release doesn't prove anything about overuse.  This merely points out variation in care."  And this is entirely true. However, in the US (and the answer would presumably be different in Haiti or Guatemala) every systematic study has found either no difference or improved outcomes in low-utilizing regions.  The harsh reality is that we expose patients to risk in excess of benefit.  Routinely. 

Recognizing this, many physician leaders and national organizations are now turning their attention to this previously-neglected dimension of quality.  Consider the Choosing Wisely campaign of the ABIM Foundation, which has collected examples of over-used interventions from more than three dozen professional societies, and developed education materials that urge patients and families to ask about the necessity for these tests and treatments. 

In discussions with our physician leaders, I am seeing examples of strong work already done, but also many opportunities to improve our practice.  In our ICU, for example, sedation vacations are routine.  There have been inroads into the appropriate use of thoracic CT in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the ED setting.  We are in discussions at the Dolan Center to measure & increase guideline adherence to reduce antibiotic overuse for acute otitis media and sinusitis in children.  

More serious attention to "appropriate use" will have many benefits.  Our hospitalists spend hundreds of hours a month "reconciling" medication lists at admission and discharge.  How many of these medications can we safely eliminate?  How many drug interactions and outpatient med errors can we prevent?  

The use of advanced imaging for Emergency and inpatients has increased dramatically and it has been estimated that overall population-level exposure to diagnostic irradiation has increased 600 fold in the past twenty years (1). In many cases increased imaging has been observed without improvement in disease detection or outcome.  At the same time, there is growing concern about the increased risk of imaging-associated malignancy.  It has been estimated that as much as 1.5% of all new cancers  result from medical radiation exposure.  We should be concerned about this, especially in the young although recent data suggest that this complication is also a significant factor for the adult population.  

The marked increase in advanced imaging also challenges the clinical community to followup findings of uncertain significance.  One prospective study (2) identified that factitious lesions occurred in up to 50% of such images, often occasioning further images (and radiation), invasive investigations, patient risk, anxiety and cost.  

Finally, I want to share a thought about over-use and "standardization" of care.  It seems to me that clinical excellence is very much about knowing when to default to check-lists and lock-step standards.  These can help reduce illogical variation, simplify care, improve teamwork and keep us from forgetting important steps.  But true excellence is also about knowing when NOT to standardize - when, instead, to individualize care based on this patient's particular clinical presentation.  Much overuse grows from the adoption of pseudo-protocols - the shortness of breath work up…the abdominal pain work up…the headache workup.  The protocol for each of these should include an incisive history and a thorough physical exam.  Everything else…depends.  

What do you think?  Is there overuse in your department?  Can we do better, and if so, how do we start?  Write a reply.  Let's talk.

1. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. NCRP report no. 160. Bethesda, Md.: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 2009.

2. Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: five-year prospective experience. Radiology. 2005;235(1):259–265.

The Road to Transparent Medical Records - Is the Future Clear?

Forty years ago, Shenkin and Warner argued that giving patients their medical records “would lead to more appropriate utilization of physicians and a greater ability of patients to participate in their own care.”1 At that time, patients in most states could obtain their records only through litigation, but the rules gradually changed, and in 1996 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act entitled virtually all patients to obtain their records on request. Today, we're on the verge of eliminating such requests by simply providing patients online access. Thanks in part to federal financial incentives,2 electronic medical records are becoming the rule, accompanied increasingly by password-protected portals that offer patients laboratory, radiology, and pathology results and secure communication with their clinicians by e-mail.

Walker, J. et al; The road toward fully transparent medical records N Engl J Med 2014; 370:6-8January 2, 2014

In the first 2014 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Walker and colleagues describe the history of patient access to their medical records and make some predictions about the near-term future of medical information management.   

As physicians, we are already quite aware that the medical record is many things - a legal document, a financial instrument, and a regulatory tool…in addition to its primary role as a means of communication among colleagues in real time, and over time.  Given that the nearly absolute right of patients to access their own medical records has been established, it would appear that we will need to adapt to an information environment in which the medical record is also a teaching tool for the patient and family.   

The authors of this Perspectives paper go on to cite the results of a project called OpenNotes which provided full on-line access to patients at institutions including Geissinger and Beth Israel Deaconness.   They found that at the end of a year four of five participating patients had read their notes, two of three reported improved medication adherence and a large majority noted better understanding of their disease process.  Perhaps most striking was the finding that despite some privacy concerns, fully 99% of the 20,000 participating patients surveyed wanted OpenNotes to continue after the one-year project. Physicians, by contrast, varied in their attitudes, with some preferring an option to hide some notes, although concerns diminished significantly over the course of the project. In general there was concern about four conditions - cancer, obesity, substance abuse and mental illness.  Even in connection with these domains, however, open access was generally successful.  

As part of the second wave of the federal Meaningful Use standards (with attached dollars for physician practices and hospitals), we will be obligated to provide patient portals, with access at least to laboratory, imaging and related data.  At our hospital and across our Health System, there are plans to launch such a Portal by the third quarter of 2014. Undoubtedly, access to our notes is next.  

What do you think?  Is this a help, or a hindrance to providing the best care we can?  Share your thoughts in this "open access" forum!  

To what extent must generalists be expert in palliative care?

The rapid growth of Palliative Medicine and its recent recognition by the American Board of Medical Specialties are clear signals that this field has provided at least a partial solution to what may be THE quintessential problem in contemporary healthcare: how do we assure that in a hyper-complex and often disjointed healthcare delivery model someone is attending to the totality of the patient's needs, dialoguing with family, assuring symptom control and, as death approaches, re-prioritizing our interventions toward those that support the patients' comfort and dignity consistent with the their preferences and values?

Through the research efforts of Fischer, Wennberg et al, the last decade has seen a new understanding of the problem.  For example, we know that when asked the majority of patients state that they would prefer to die at home, but most (about 55%) do not.  ICU days and physician contacts in the last six months of life vary markedly by region, though the evidence does not support the idea that this is the result of patient preference.  

On the other hand, from 2003 to 2007, the percentage of chronically ill Medicare patients dying in hospitals and the average number of days they spent in the hospital before their deaths declined in most regions of the country and at most academic medical centers. The percentage of deaths associated with a stay in intensive care also decreased in most regions and at about half of academic medical centers (Goodman, et al 2011).  These are encouraging trends.  

These improvements have occurred concurrently with the emergence of Palliative Medicine as a specialty.  Certainly our own experience is that physicians - both generalists and other specialists - have come to recognize the value of the Palliative Care service and "voted with their feet" resulting in over 1000 consultations at our hospital during 2013.  And this has been a very good thing for caregivers, patients and families.

And yet, there are concerns.

As noted by Quill and Abernathy (NEJM 368;13:1173 March 2013), as we integrate experts in Palliative Medicine into the care team there is the possibility that primary physicians and consultants may "begin to believe that basic symptom management and psychosocial support are not their responsibility, and care may become further fragmented."  I would go further.  There is a risk that talking about advance directives, goals of care and the merits of many interventions, from dialysis to PEG tubes, will be seen as the (sole) province of the Palliative specialist.  Not only is such a model of care not sustainable from a resource perspective.  More fundamentally, this would result in the "outsourcing" of a core clinical skill set, much to the detriment of professionals and patients alike.

What is the alternative?  We need to make a high priority of excellence in communication and shared decision-making - for all patients, to be sure, but in particular for those approaching the end of life.  To use the framework of education, this will require knowledge, skills and attitudes - knowledge about the risks, benefits and expected outcomes of specific interventions, including CPR; skills in communicating so as to meet the needs of our patients, and an attitudinal relationship with this domain such that clinicians see expertise in this area as equally important to patient care as the ability to insert a central line.  

I heard an example of expert communication recently from one of our thought leaders in end-of-life care.  Rather than talk to patients or families about what we propose NOT to do, or to withhold, she suggested that we say something like this:  "Mrs. Jones, we have talked a lot about what your husband has said he wanted when he is dying.  With that in mind, when his heart stops, I think we should protect him from CPR, which I do not believe will help him.  We can do that by putting an order in the chart."  This is of course, just one example.  But it shows us what is possible.  

You are the experts in this.  What do you think? 

   






 

What's on YOUR wish list for 2014?

Here's mine.  (It's not actually complete - I left off the 2014 Maserati Quattroporte and the villa in Sicily…)

10.  Learn to speak ICD-10 before October 1, 2014.

The US is the last nation in the industrialized world to adopt the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition.  Federal rules mandate the adoption of this coding system by 10-1-14 for all healthcare settings.  An educational program for all NSLIJ physicians (employed and voluntary) will be available shortly.  Our goal is to make this education convenient, efficient, informative and practically useful on a discipline-specific basis.

9.  Make in-roads into the problem of "appropriate use."

This is the 800 lb gorilla of our nation's healthcare system.  Abundant evidence supports the view that there is significant variation among physicians in the we way use tests and treatments, that this variation cannot be explained by patient factors, and that for many specific examples "heavy users" do not achieve better outcomes.  As a matter of fact, in many instances, the use of non-value added interventions are known to add risk in excess of benefit while wasting scarce resources.

We will be working System-wide to adapt the most promising components of the ACP Foundation's Choosing Wisely campaign for improvement work.  Substantial physician leadership will be critical to the success of any such effort.

8.  Complete our transition to electronic ordering and note-writing.   

The only thing more painful than transitioning to an EMR is lingering in a half-way state which is inefficient and encourages miscommunication and errors.  We will be working hard with every department to fully implement electronic documentation during the first months of 2014.    

7.  Continue to decrease hospital mortality and readmission.

In 2013 we did very well in each of these areas - in '14 we need to sustain the momentum. Risk-adjusted mortality rates are sensitive to (1) a well documented medical record that accurately reflects the patient's acuity; (2) skillful communication about patient-centered options for end-of-life care outside the hospital setting; and (3) attention to many, many care processes so as to limit adverse events related to medications, infections, "failure-to-rescue" and other factors.

Notably, end-of-life care also influences readmission rates, for obvious reasons.  A number of improvement programs have also focused on patient education, medication reconciliation and close followup in the community as effective strategies to reduce avoidable readmissions to the hospital.

6.  Improve the quality of our conversations with patients about advance directives and other aspects of end-of-life care.  

More on this one in my next blog entry.  Suffice it to say that expert communication about advance directives and other decisions affecting patients with life-limiting conditions should not be the sole province of Palliative Care specialists.  Among the best things we could say about our medical staff would be that we do an excellent job at informing and supporting patients and families when we undertake these very challenging discussions.


5.  Begin collecting data for our IRB-approved research project on the use of illness narratives in improving patient and family-centered care and patient experience.  

A team of Huntington physicians, nurses and others are working with faculty at the School of Medicine on a project that tests the effects of…an invitation.  In this case-control, prospective, single blind study, subjects are invited to share their thoughts about anything they think their doctors and nurses need to know to understand them as individuals.  Building on previous work related to "illness narratives" we will be looking at effects on staff, families and patients.

4.  Achieve and sustain 100% performance across the CMS process measures for Surgical Care, Heart Failure, AMI and Pneumonia that drive public quality reporting and hospital reimbursement.

Currently, twelve clinical process measures and a similar number of patient experiences measures are collected and publicly reported by CMS.  These "value-based purchasing" measures also drive hospital reimbursement.  Success in this domain requires excellent coordination among physicians, nurses and quality managers.

3.  Ensure that our Medical Staff is in full compliance with the quality and patient safety standards of the Joint Commission.

During 2014, all hospitals in the NSLIJ System will be undergoing surveys by the Joint Commission.  This alone is enough reason to pay very close attention to their standards.  Additionally, the 1200 plus "elements of performance" provide a detailed and effective roadmap to excellence in domains from medication management to the environment of care.   Physician leaders will play an important role in ensuring that we exceed all of the requirements related to orders, chart entries, infection prevention, the avoidance of wrong-site or wrong-patient events, and many other issues.

Although the culture of healthcare is gradually changing, as physicians we continue to face a disconnect with the "process oriented" approach of TJC.  For most of us, ensuring good care and good outcomes has been a matter of each practitioner being smart, skillful and diligent.  The buck, as it were, stops with us.  Current safety culture, by contrast, focuses on the performance of the team.  When errors in care occur, the physician's solution is to learn and try harder next time, while a systems-oriented approach has more to do with cross checks and other process changes that make the error harder to make.

2.  Complete the integration of the former Glen Cove Family Practice residency into Huntington Hospital.

Most physicians are naturally drawn to teaching.  Trainees, whether med students or residents, put a fresh face on clinical issues we have come to take for granted, provide us an opportunity to stretch ourselves, and earn us professional points for "giving back."  Patients on teaching services often receive better care because clinical decision are occurring under a spotlight that can catch errors and encourage thinking outside the box.

We have begun integrating the GC Family Medicine residents into our adult Medicine program, Pediatrics, Palliative Care Division, Critical Care and Surgery.  The program will be fully staff by around April 1, 2014 and I applaud the many among you who are making this happen.

1.  Find ways to promote professional satisfaction among the members of our talented and committed medical staff.

Teaching may be one way to do this.  Simply getting obstacles out of your way is certainly another.  What are some parts of your day that don't seem to add value for your patients?  Can we eliminate them?  Let us know what keeps you up at night and what interferes with deriving the most satisfaction possible from the day-to-day care of patients and from being the physician you envision yourself to be.  Let's start the conversation.